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_5 label "Selventa" provenance.
large_corpus.bel title "BEL Framework Large Corpus Document" provenance.
large_corpus.bel description "Approximately 61,000 statements." provenance.
large_corpus.bel version "1.4" provenance.
large_corpus.bel authoredBy _5 provenance.
assertion wasDerivedFrom large_corpus.bel provenance.
assertion wasDerivedFrom _4 provenance.
assertion hadPrimarySource 12967676 provenance.
_4 wasQuotedFrom 12967676 provenance.
_4 value "Consequently, the synthesis of both an antioxidant (uric acid) and numerous free radicals (ROS and RNS) makes XOR an important protective regulator of the cellular redox potential [10]. Moreover, XOR is also a potent detoxification enzyme, probably owing to its multifunctional enzymatic activities [11]. This detoxification function is not restricted to XOR but is rather generally found in the molybdopterin family of enzymes, including aldehyde oxidase (AO) [11]. In this context, AO is of particular interest because its amino acid identity and its intron-exon structure is similar to XOR, suggesting that both enzymes evolved through gene duplications [12]. Not surprisingly, XOR and AO have a large number of common substrates and similar expression patterns [12]. The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved, rapid, non-specific first-line defense mechanism that incorporates elements of cellular differentiation and protection against oxidative stress [13]. Innate immunity is composed of: (i) surface epithelia that provide local physical and molecular barriers, (ii) inflammatory reactions and the activation of conserved cell-signaling pathways, (iii) numerous systemic protective molecules and (iv) various phagocytotic cells. All of these components work together to resist and prevent the action of toxic molecules and the rapid spread of potentially fatal pathogens. The protective functions of XOR in innate immunity are, as at the cellular level, linked to its detoxification reactions, its synthesis of uric acid and, particularly, its synthesis of numerous ROS and RNS. Uric acid not only acts as a cellular but also as a systemic antioxidant and free radical scavenger, besides being an anti-inflammatory effector with numerous protective roles in the body [14, 15 and 16]. ROS and RNS perform, at low levels, numerous cellular and physiological functions as second messengers but, at high levels, can act as microbicidals [17, 18 and 19] ( Fig. 1). XOR generates the ROS superoxide anions (O2-), hydroxyl radicals (OH') and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [20]." provenance.