Matches in Nanopublications for { <http://www.tkuhn.ch/bel2nanopub/RAayuK1NM-n7MNcVWyT8eF_wK0JsAbNXoe9X8aSQE4zHE#_4> ?p ?o ?g. }
Showing items 1 to 2 of
2
with 100 items per page.
- _4 wasQuotedFrom 12967676 provenance.
- _4 value "6. XOR participates in the innate immune system throughout the animal kingdom XOR has general cellular protective functions, presumably present in all eukaryotic and most prokaryotic cells. Yet, there is evidence that its role in systemic protection and innate immunity is also conserved. Because innate immunity is evolutionarily ancient and preceded adaptive immunity [68], the protective role of XOR in the innate immune system of lower organisms might be particularly crucial for their defense and survival. Invertebrates possess an efficient innate immune system composed of cellular and humoral elements. The humoral defense includes antimicrobial peptides, the cascades that regulate coagulation and melanization of hemolymph, and the production of ROS and RNS [69]. The involvement of cytotoxic ROS and RNS in innate immunity has been studied intensively in Drosophila and other insects, as well as in bivalve mollusks [21, 24, 70 and 71]. Uric acid is known to occur in large amounts in Drosophila and a decline of this antioxidant with age could be associated with the loss of antioxidant potential in aging [72]. The melanization reaction is performed by many arthropods as part of the innate immune system and triggered by injury and recognition of microbial cell-wall composition. Melanization leads to the synthesis and deposition of melanin in wounded areas, resulting in wound healing, synthesis of toxic products (including ROS and RNS), sequestration, encapsulation and killing of invading microorganisms [73 and 74]. XOR and ROS have been implicated in the synthesis of melanin and it has been postulated that the melanization of skin and other tissues is also an important component of the innate immune system of vertebrates [75]." provenance.