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- _5 wasQuotedFrom 16170185 provenance.
- _5 value "Localization of GTP-bound Ras to the inner surface of the cell membrane activates several downstream effectors, most notably the serine/threonine kinase Raf, which is the first signaling element in the MAPK pathway. 2,67,68 As shown in Figure 1, other downstream effectors of Ras include the PI3K cell survival pathway, the small GTP-binding proteins Rac and Rho, and the stress-activated protein kinase pathway (also referred to as the c-jun N-terminal kinase [JNK] pathway). 69-71 In addition, in response to cellular stress and cytokine stimulation mediated through Ras, the dual-specificity p38MAPK kinases (MKK3 and MKK6) and the JNK kinases (MKK4 and MKK7) phosphorylate p38MAPK and JNK, respectively. 72-76" provenance.