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- _2 wasQuotedFrom 15602009 provenance.
- _2 value "Macrophages in COPD. Macrophages may play a pivotal role in COPD as they are activated by cigarette smoke extract and secrete many inflammatory proteins that may orchestrate the inflammatory process in COPD. Neutrophils may be attracted by IL-8, GRO-{alpha}, LTB4, MCP-1, and CD8+ lymphocytes by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC. Release of elastolytic enzymes including MMPs and cathepsins causes elastolysis and release of TGF-{beta}1 and CTGF. Release of TGF-{alpha} activates EGFR, which stimulates mucus hypersecretion. Macrophages also generate ROS and NO, which together form peroxynitrite and may contribute to steroid resistance." provenance.