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- _6 value "UCP-1 expression is under complex regulation; an enhancer element in the 5'flanking region of the ucp-1 gene has been described with putative binding sites for the thyroid hormone receptor, retinoic acid receptors and PPARs, as recently reviewed (Rousset et al. 2004). PPARc is a nuclear receptor essential for adipogenic differentiation in both WAT and BAT (Lowell 1999), that also displays a thermogenic function upon activation, with prostaglandings being the physiological ligands and TZD pharmacological activators (Rosen & Spiegelman 2001). Although b-adrenergic stimulation is the main physiological pathway that induces thermogenesis and UCP-1 expression in BAT, it is likely to be mediated by the induction of the PPARc coactivator (PGC-1), a master coactivator that binds PPARc, PPARa, thyroid hormone receptor and retinoic acid receptors (Puigserver & Spiegelman 2003)." provenance.